In terms of time, a session is the amount of time during which a user visits a site. In the programming world, a session is kind of like a big blob that can hold all sorts of variables and values.
This blob has an identification string, such as 940f8b05a40d5119c030c9c7745aead9.
This identification string is automatically sent to the user when a session is initiated, in a cookie called PHPSESSID (accessible via $_COOKIE[PHPSESSID]).
On the server side, a matching temporary file is created with the same name (940f8b05a40d5119c030c9c7745aead9).